Social protection systems face several persistent challenges that hinder their effectiveness and inclusivity. Limited coverage remains a major issue, particularly for informal workers and marginalized populations such as refugees and persons with disabilities. Fragmented programmes, insufficient funding, and weak institutional capacity often lead to inefficient delivery and poor monitoring. Political instability and exclusionary practices further complicate efforts, resulting in vulnerable groups being unintentionally left out of essential services and support. These systemic challenges underscore the need for more coordinated, equitable, and sustainable approaches.

Despite these obstacles, there are significant opportunities to strengthen social protection systems globally. The rise of digital technologies, including mobile money and biometric registration, offers new avenues for improving transparency and reach. Integrating shock-responsive mechanisms enhances the capacity of systems to adapt to crises such as pandemics and climate shocks. Additionally, linking social protection with health, education, and economic empowerment programmes promotes holistic development. Global frameworks like the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and increased interest in South-South cooperation present further momentum for reform, while participatory approaches ensure that communities play a central role in designing and implementing solutions.