Public health systems face significant challenges in managing epidemics, including weak health information systems with limited disease reporting and fragmented data that impair outbreak detection and response. Many countries also struggle with under-resourced public health infrastructure, lacking trained epidemiologists, adequate laboratory diagnostics, and established emergency protocols. These gaps often lead to delayed responses to outbreaks, especially in the absence of early warning systems, which can result in rapid disease spread and increased mortality. Additionally, limited community engagement driven by misinformation and a lack of trust further hampers effective public health communication. Despite these obstacles, there are valuable opportunities to strengthen epidemic preparedness and response. The use of real-time digital health tools and dashboards enhances the accuracy and speed of disease tracking. Integrated surveillance systems, such as One Health and syndromic approaches, improve cross-sector coordination for early detection. Investments in capacity building, particularly in epidemiology training and local research, foster context-specific solutions. Moreover, global health partnerships, including WHO’s Health Emergencies Programme and the Africa CDC, play a crucial role in enhancing cross-border collaboration and response capabilities.