Globally, intersectionality is increasingly recognized as a critical lens in development, policy, and human rights advocacy. However, systems of oppression—such as patriarchy, racism, ableism, and xenophobia—continue to overlap and create compounded disadvantages, especially in fragile contexts. Although frameworks like the SDGs promote inclusion, implementation often lacks nuance.

In many African countries, intersecting identities such as gender, disability, and refugee status often amplify social and economic exclusion. Traditional norms, conflict, and under-resourced institutions contribute to layered vulnerabilities. Still, there’s growing momentum around using intersectional tools in national development plans and humanitarian programming.

South Africa has made strides in promoting equality through constitutional rights, yet deeply rooted intersectional barriers persist. Black women, youth, and persons with disabilities often face overlapping discrimination in accessing employment, healthcare, and justice. Activism around decoloniality and inclusion is increasingly intersectional in its framing.

Europe’s policy environment is more advanced in recognizing intersectionality, particularly in gender equality and anti-discrimination laws. However, marginalized groups such as migrants, Roma communities, and ethnic minorities still encounter compounding inequities. Intersectional analysis is being applied more rigorously in social policy, especially in Western Europe.